Дихотомия звукового сигнала сурков Евразии. [Dichotomy of Eurasian marmot alarm call. Dichotomie du cri d’alarme de la marmotte eurasienne].

Résumé

DICHOTOMY OF EURASIAN MARMOT ALARM CALL A.A. Nikol’skii1, V.Yu. Rumiantsev2 1 People\'s Friendship University of Russia, Ecological Department: bobak@list.ru 2 The Faculty of Geography at Lomonosov Moscow State University, Depart-ment of Biogeography: vyurum@biogeo.ru Dichotomous analyses of the alarm call marmots Eurasia was made. The main level of the dichotomy is determined by the presence/absence of low-frequency signal component. Two components, low-and high-frequency, are present in the signal following species: M. bobak, M. baibacina, M. kastschenkoi, M. sibirica, M. camtschatica, M. himalayana. In the three species of low-frequency signal component is missing: M. marmota, M. caudata, M. menzbieri. A simulation model of the phylogenetic tree of Eurasian marmots was built. It is in good agreement with previously published molecular-genetic models of phylogeny g. Marmota (Steppan et al., 1999; Brandler, Lyapunova 2009), including the division into groups bobak, camtschatica and caudata. The main direction of the divergence of the marmots in Eurasia led to the formation of two main clusters. The first one includes the older, presumably allochthonous species (M. marmota, M. caudata, M. menzbieri). Their origin they are directly related to marmots of the New World. The second cluster includes all of the other, younger, presumably autochthonous species. Autochthonous in the sense that their divergence began in the total for all species of marmots center formation. Spatial projection model of phylogenetic tree of Eurasian marmots showed a high concentration of species in a relatively limited area. 8 of 9 species of Eurasian marmots (except for M. marmota) are found in an area of approximately 4.5 million square kilometers within two of mountainous countries: 1) the mountains of South Siberia and Mongolia (Altai, including the Mongolian Altai, Tuva, Sayan, Baikal, Transbaikalia, Khentii); 2) the Central Asian mountain country (Tien-Shan and Pamir-Alai).