Vplyv antropických faktorov na cirkadiálny cyklus svišťa vrchovského tatranského (Marmota marmota latirostris Kratochvil, 1961) [Rythme circadien de la marmotte (Marmota marmota latirostris, Kratochvil, 1961. Circadian cycle of marmot (Marmota marmota latirostris, Kratochvil, 1961)].

Résumé

In the work there are stated the results of ecological observing the circadial cycle of marmot (Marmota marmota latirostris, Kratochvil, 1961), in the summer period and for the comparing also in individual seasons of the year. We have observed the activity of the marmots in colonies at Krizna dolina in the region of Podbanské and in the localities at Velicka dolina nad Vecnym dazdom in the Tatra National Park territory. The obtained material enabled us to evaluate and reciprocally compare the dynamics of the total activity of the marmots in two delimited biotypes, to follow the influence of tourism in the change of the daily activity and on the total behavior of the pbserved species. In total xe have ascertained two climaxes of the daily activity, i.e. on the beginning of the daylight and in the midday hours in both observed localities with the difference, that in the locality affected by anthropic factors we have ascertained the shifting of the activity in the small hours of the morning and in later midday hours. The prevailing element in the behaviour of marmots in the summer season is the feeding activity to which the animal devote 68% of the time, to the sun basking 22% of the total stay on tyhe surface and 10% were devoted to the locomotory activity. In the work thee are stated the age differences in the total and feeding activity, as well as the distribution of the total activity in the frame of individual seasons of the year. We have ascertained the activity of the young ones on the surface and the distribution of qualitative distinct acoustic expressions in the course of different activity period of the marmots. Simultaneously we have ascertained in the colonies of marmots at Velicka dolina in the centre of touristic influence significant signs of anthropic factors of tourism on the total and food activity and the defensive behaviour. The higher frequency of the visitors placed the animals in oppressive-stress situation. Simulaneously we have observed the adaptation of the animals to the rush beside the colonies and shortening the flight distance from 420 m to 10-15 m We have recorded a higher distribution of orientation-searching expressions in the course of the feeding activity which is the result of higher tourism around the colonies of marmots. The results of the reseearch strongly warn to undetake more severe measures in the protection of this rare and strictly relict species.